Tipe-Tipe Kompresor AC dan Cara Kerjanya


Kompresor AC memiliki fungsi untuk memompa atau menekan refrigerant agar tekanan refrigerant meningkat dan dapat mengalir ke seluruh sistem AC.

Meningkatnya tekanan refrigerant juga akan menaikkan temperatur refrigerantnya. Wujud refrigerant yang sebelum masuk ke kompresor berwujud gas dan memiliki tekanan rendah serta suhu rendah maka setelah keluar dari kompresor wujud refrigerant akan berwujud gas dengan tekanan tinggi serta temperatur tinggi.

Kompresor AC di dalam sebuah kendaraan bekerja dengan memanfaatkan putaran dari mesin, sehingga dengan kata lain kompresor AC dapat bekerja ketika mesin kendaraan dihidupkan.

Kompresor AC yang digunakan di kendaraan terdapat bermacam-macam tipenya. Tipe-tipe kompresor AC dapat dibagi berdasarkan cara kerja atau gerakan dari kompresornya. Untuk lebih jelasnya, perhatikan bagan klasifikasi dari kompresor AC di bawah ini :

A. Tipe reciprocating
Kompresor AC tipe reciprocating merupakan pembagian tipe-tipe AC berdasarkan cara kerja gerakan yang bolak-balik. Beberapa macam-macam tipenya yang termasuk bagian kompresor reciprocating diantaranya :
1. Tipe crank

Pada kompresor tipe crank di dalamnya terdapat satu buah piston yang memiliki satu sisi kerja yaitu pada bagian atas pistonnya.

Piston ini akan bergerak naik turun di dalam ruang silinder ketika kompresor AC bekerja. Di atas kepala silinder terdapat dua buah katup yaitu katup suction (katup hisap) dan katup disharge (katup penyalur atau keluar).

Cara kerja dari kompresor tipe crank ini adalah dengan memanfaatkan putaran crank (engkol). Piston terpasang pada bagian crank dan crank diputar oleh putaran mesin.

Ketika piston bergerak ke bawah maka volume ruangan di atas piston akan membesar dan hal ini akan menyebabkan kevakuman di atas piston.

Akibat adanya kevakuman ini maka akan menarik katup suction sehingga katup suction membuka dan refrigerant terhisap di dalam ruang di atas piston. Pada saat ini katup discharge tertutup.

Ketika piston bergerak naik maka volume ruangan di atas piston akan menyempit dan menyebabkan tekanan refrigerant akan meningkat.

Meningkatnya tekanan refrigerant di dalam silinder tepatnya di atas piston akan membuat katup discharge tertekan dan membuka.

Membukanya katup discharge ini juga akan membuat refrigerant yang bertekanan keluar dari kompresor dan kemudian disalurkan ke kondensor.

2. Tipe swash plate

Kompresor AC tipe swash plate di dalamnya terdapat banyak piston dan bekerja dengan dua sisi kerja, yaitu sejumlah piston dengan interval 72o untuk kompresor dengan jumlah 10 silinder dan sejumlah piston dengan interval 120o untuk kompresor dengan jumlah 6 silinder.

Dan di dalam setiap silinder pada kompresor tersebut terdapat katup suction dan katup discharge.

Cara kerja kompresor tipe swash plate ini bekerja dengan piston digerakkan oleh sebuah piringan pengatur (swash plate). Swash plate diputar oleh putaran mesin.

Ketika swash plate berputar maka piston akan bergerak ke kanan dan ke kiri karena posisi swash plate adalah dibuat miring.

Ketika piston bergerak ke arah dalam maka katup suction akan membuka sehingga menghisap refrigerant ke dalam silinder dan ketika piston bergerak ke arah luar maka katup discharge akan membuka sehingga refrigerant bertekanan akan keluar.

3. Tipe wobble plate

Kompresor AC tipe wobble plate di dalamnya terdapat banyak piston dan bekerja dengan satu sisi kerja. Dan di dalam setiap silindernya terdapat katup suction dan katup discharge.

Cara kerja kompresor tipe ini yaitu piston dapat bergerak karena digerakkan oleh drive plate dan wobble plate. Drive plate dapat berputar karena digerakkan oleh putaran mesin.

Ketika piston bergerak ke bawah maka volume di atas piston akan membesar sehingga katup suction terbuka dan menghisap refrigeran ke dalam ruang di atas piston.

Ketika piston bergerak ke atas maka volume di atas piston akan menyempit sehingga katup discharge terbuka dan refrigerant bertekanan akan keluar.

B. Tipe rotary
Kompresor AC tipe rotary merupakan pembagian tipe-tipe AC berdasarkan cara kerja gerakan yang berputar. Beberapa macam-macam tipenya yang termasuk bagian kompresor rotary diantaranya :
1. Tipe through vane

Kompresor AC tipe through vane ini di dalamnya terdapat dua bilah (vane) yang terpasang saling tegak lurus di dalam silinder (stator).

Selain itu, di dalam kompresor AC juga terdapat rotor yang berputar dan saluran hisap (suction port) dan saluran keluar (discharge port).

Cara kerja kompresor AC tipe through vane ini adalah ketika vane rotor berputar maka vane akan bergeser karena gaya sentrifugal dan akan membuat vane menyentuh bagian dalam silinder (stator).

Ketika saluran suction terbuka maka refrigerant akan terhisap masuk di dalam silinder dan kemudian akan dikompresikan oleh vane dengan mempersempit ruangan diantara vane, rotor dan dinding silinder. Dan selanjutnya refrigerant bertekanan akan dikeluarkan di saluran discharge.

2. Tipe scroll

Kompresor AC tipe scroll ini di dalamnya terdiri dari scroll yang tetap dan scroll yang berputar. Ruang pemasukan (suction) dan ruang pengeluaran (discharge) akan terbentuk diantara scroll tetap dan scroll yang berputar saat scroll yang berputar di putar oleh poros kompresor.

Ketika saluran suction terbuka maka refrigerant akan terhisap ke dalam kompresor dan akan dibawa berputar oleh scroll sambil dimampatkan (dikompresikan) sampai mencapai saluran discharge.

Pada saluran discharge, refrigerant bertekanan akan dikeluarkan dan disalurkan menuju ke kondensor AC.

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