Kompresor AC memiliki
fungsi untuk memompa atau menekan refrigerant agar tekanan refrigerant
meningkat dan dapat mengalir ke seluruh sistem AC.
Meningkatnya tekanan
refrigerant juga akan menaikkan temperatur refrigerantnya. Wujud refrigerant
yang sebelum masuk ke kompresor berwujud gas dan memiliki tekanan rendah serta
suhu rendah maka setelah keluar dari kompresor wujud refrigerant akan berwujud
gas dengan tekanan tinggi serta temperatur tinggi.
Kompresor AC di dalam
sebuah kendaraan bekerja dengan memanfaatkan putaran dari mesin, sehingga
dengan kata lain kompresor AC dapat bekerja ketika mesin kendaraan dihidupkan.
Kompresor AC yang digunakan
di kendaraan terdapat bermacam-macam tipenya. Tipe-tipe kompresor AC dapat
dibagi berdasarkan cara kerja atau gerakan dari kompresornya. Untuk lebih
jelasnya, perhatikan bagan klasifikasi dari kompresor AC di bawah ini :
A. Tipe
reciprocating
Kompresor AC tipe
reciprocating merupakan pembagian tipe-tipe AC berdasarkan cara kerja gerakan
yang bolak-balik. Beberapa macam-macam tipenya yang termasuk bagian kompresor
reciprocating diantaranya :
Pada kompresor tipe crank di dalamnya terdapat satu buah piston yang memiliki satu sisi kerja yaitu pada bagian atas pistonnya.
Piston ini akan
bergerak naik turun di dalam ruang silinder ketika kompresor AC bekerja. Di
atas kepala silinder terdapat dua buah katup yaitu katup suction (katup hisap)
dan katup disharge (katup penyalur atau keluar).
Cara kerja dari
kompresor tipe crank ini adalah dengan memanfaatkan putaran crank (engkol). Piston
terpasang pada bagian crank dan crank diputar oleh putaran mesin.
Ketika piston bergerak
ke bawah maka volume ruangan di atas piston akan membesar dan hal ini akan
menyebabkan kevakuman di atas piston.
Akibat adanya kevakuman
ini maka akan menarik katup suction sehingga katup suction membuka dan
refrigerant terhisap di dalam ruang di atas piston. Pada saat ini katup
discharge tertutup.
Ketika piston bergerak
naik maka volume ruangan di atas piston akan menyempit dan menyebabkan tekanan
refrigerant akan meningkat.
Meningkatnya tekanan
refrigerant di dalam silinder tepatnya di atas piston akan membuat katup
discharge tertekan dan membuka.
Membukanya katup
discharge ini juga akan membuat refrigerant yang bertekanan keluar dari
kompresor dan kemudian disalurkan ke kondensor.
Kompresor AC tipe swash
plate di dalamnya terdapat banyak piston dan bekerja dengan dua sisi kerja,
yaitu sejumlah piston dengan interval 72o untuk kompresor dengan
jumlah 10 silinder dan sejumlah piston dengan interval 120o untuk
kompresor dengan jumlah 6 silinder.
Dan di dalam setiap
silinder pada kompresor tersebut terdapat katup suction dan katup discharge.
Cara kerja kompresor
tipe swash plate ini bekerja dengan piston digerakkan oleh sebuah piringan
pengatur (swash plate). Swash plate diputar oleh putaran mesin.
Ketika swash plate
berputar maka piston akan bergerak ke kanan dan ke kiri karena posisi swash
plate adalah dibuat miring.
Ketika piston bergerak
ke arah dalam maka katup suction akan membuka sehingga menghisap refrigerant ke
dalam silinder dan ketika piston bergerak ke arah luar maka katup discharge
akan membuka sehingga refrigerant bertekanan akan keluar.
Kompresor AC tipe wobble plate di dalamnya terdapat banyak piston dan bekerja dengan satu sisi kerja. Dan di dalam setiap silindernya terdapat katup suction dan katup discharge.
Cara kerja kompresor
tipe ini yaitu piston dapat bergerak karena digerakkan oleh drive plate dan
wobble plate. Drive plate dapat berputar karena digerakkan oleh putaran mesin.
Ketika piston bergerak
ke bawah maka volume di atas piston akan membesar sehingga katup suction
terbuka dan menghisap refrigeran ke dalam ruang di atas piston.
Ketika piston bergerak
ke atas maka volume di atas piston akan menyempit sehingga katup discharge
terbuka dan refrigerant bertekanan akan keluar.
B. Tipe
rotary
Kompresor AC tipe
rotary merupakan pembagian tipe-tipe AC berdasarkan cara kerja gerakan yang berputar.
Beberapa macam-macam tipenya yang termasuk bagian kompresor rotary diantaranya
:
1. Tipe
through vane
Kompresor AC tipe
through vane ini di dalamnya terdapat dua bilah (vane) yang terpasang saling
tegak lurus di dalam silinder (stator).
Selain itu, di dalam
kompresor AC juga terdapat rotor yang berputar dan saluran hisap (suction port)
dan saluran keluar (discharge port).
Cara kerja kompresor AC
tipe through vane ini adalah ketika vane rotor berputar maka vane akan bergeser
karena gaya sentrifugal dan akan membuat vane menyentuh bagian dalam silinder
(stator).
Ketika saluran suction
terbuka maka refrigerant akan terhisap masuk di dalam silinder dan kemudian
akan dikompresikan oleh vane dengan mempersempit ruangan diantara vane, rotor
dan dinding silinder. Dan selanjutnya refrigerant bertekanan akan dikeluarkan
di saluran discharge.
Kompresor AC tipe scroll ini di dalamnya terdiri dari scroll yang tetap dan scroll yang berputar. Ruang pemasukan (suction) dan ruang pengeluaran (discharge) akan terbentuk diantara scroll tetap dan scroll yang berputar saat scroll yang berputar di putar oleh poros kompresor.
Ketika saluran suction
terbuka maka refrigerant akan terhisap ke dalam kompresor dan akan dibawa
berputar oleh scroll sambil dimampatkan (dikompresikan) sampai mencapai saluran
discharge.
Pada saluran discharge,
refrigerant bertekanan akan dikeluarkan dan disalurkan menuju ke kondensor AC.
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